221.The Wall Street Joumal Europe, October 8, 1998.

222.The Wall Street Joumal, November 3, 1999.

223.Адаптировано из Bresnahan, Timothy. "Post-entry Competition in the Plain Paper Copier Market", American Economic Review 75 (1985): 15-19.

224.Адаптировано из Barese, Paul, Adam Brandenburger, and Vijay Krishna. "The Race to Develop Human Insulin", Harvard Business School Case No. 9-191-121, 1992. См. также Hall, Stephen S. Invisible Frontiers: The Race to Synthesize a Human Gene. New York; Atlantic Monthly Press, 1987.

225.The Wall Street Joumal Europe, June 16, 1998.

226.Адаптировано из Nalebuff, Barry and Adam Brandenburger. Co-opetition. London: Нафег-Collins Business, 1996.

227.The Wall Street Journal Europe, August 14-15, 1998.

228.Cabral, Luhs and Michael H. Riordan. "The Learning Curve, Market Dominance, and Predatory Pricing", Econometrica 62 (1994): 1115-1140.

229.Gruber, Harald. Learning and Strategic Product Innovation: Theory and Evidence for the Semiconductor Industry. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1992.

230.Gruber, Harald. "Learning by Doing and Spillovers: Further Evidence for the Semiconductor Industry", Review of Industrial Organization 13 (1998): 697-711.

231.Этот подпараграф адагттирован из Henderson, Rebecca. "Underinvestment and Incompetence as Responses to Radical Innovation: Evidence from the Photolithographic Alignment Equipment Industry", Rand Joumal of Economics 24 (1993): 248-270.

232.Для формального анализа этого компромисса см. Nordhaus, William. Invention, Growth and Welfare: A Theoretical Treatment of Technological Change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1969.

233.Klemperer, Paul. "How Broad Should the Scope of Patent Protection Be?" Rand Joumal of Economics 21 (1990): 113-130.

234.Следующий аргумент подобен приведенному в Gilbert, Richard and Carl Shapiro. "Optimal Patent Length and Breadth", Rand Joumal of Economics 21 (1990); 106-112.

235.Matutes, Carmen, Pierre Regibeau, and Katharine Rockett. "Optimal Patent Design and the Diffusion of Innovations", Rand Joumal of Economics 27 (1996): 60-83. См. также Scotchmer, Suzanne and Jerry Green. "Novelty and Disclosure in Patent Law", Rand Joumal of Economics 21 (1990): 131-146.

236.European Commission. Fourteenth Report on Competition Policy. Brussels, 1995, pp. 37-38.

237.U.S. Senate, Committee of the Judiciary. The National Cooperative Production Amendments Act of 1993, Antitrust and Trade Regulation Report, 1993, pp. 725.

238.Адаптировано из Haas School of Business economics problem sets.

239.The Wall Street Joumal Europe, November 19, 1998.

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240.Источник: Dataquest. См. также Economides, Nicholas and Charles Himmelberg. "Critical Mass and Network Size with Applications to the U.S. Fax Market", New York University, Stem School of Business Discussion Paper No. EC-95-11, 1995.

241.Это параграф адаптирован из Arthur, W. Brian. "Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-in by Historical Events", The Economic Joumal 99 (1989): 116-131.

242.Адаптировано из Cusumano, Michael A., Yiorgos Mylonadis, and Richard S. Rosenbloom. "Strategic Maneuvering and Mass-Market Dynamic: The Triumph of VHS over Beta", Business History Review 66 (1992): 51-94. Nayak, P. Ranganath and John M. Ketteringham. Breakthroughs! New York: Rawson Associates, 1986. Smith, Lee. "Sony Battles Back", Fortune, April 15, 1985.

243.David, Paul A. "Clio and the Economics of QWERTY", American Economic Review 75 (1985): 332-337.

244.Liebowitz, Stan and Stephen Margolis. "The Fable of the Keys", Journalof Law and Economics 33 (1990): 1-25.

245.Этот параграф адагттирован из Farrell, Joseph and Garth Saloner. "Standardization, Compatibility, and Innovation", Rand Joumal of Economics 16 (1985): 70-83.

246.246. Адаптировано из Besen, Stanley М. "AM versus FM: The Battle of the Bands", Industrial and Corporate Change 1 (1992): 375-396.

247.Адаптировано из Postrel, Steven. "Competing Networks and Proprietary Standards: The Case of Quadraphonic Sound", Joumal of Industrial Economics 39 (1990): 169-185.

248.The Wall Street Joumal, November 24, 1999.

249.Этот пример ааптирован из Homer, Steve. "Electronics Giants Square Off over VIdeodlsk Standards", The Wall Street Joumal Europe, Convergence, Summer, 1998.

250.Gandal, Nell, "Hedonic Price Indexes for Spreadsheets and an Empirical Test for Network Externalities", Rand Joumal of Economics 25 (1994): 160-170.

251.Goolsbee, Austan and Peter J. Klenow. "Evidence on Learning and Network Externalities in the Diffusion of Home Computers", University of Chicago, 1998.

252.Saloner, Garth and Andrea Shepherd. "Adoption of Technologies with Network Effects: An Empirical Examination of the Adoption of Automated Teller Machines", Rand Joumal of Economics 26 (199?): 479-501.

253.The New York Times Magazine, May 5, 1996.

254.Адаптировано из Haas School of Business economics problem sets.

255.Адаптировано из Haas School of Business economics problem sets.