и Ericson, Richard and Ariel Pakes. "Markov-Perfect Industry Dynamics: A Framework for Empirical Work", Review of Economics Studies 62 (1989): 53-82.
69.Ericson, Richard and Ariel Pakes, op. cit.
70.Chamberiin, Edward H. The Theory of Monopolistic Competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1933.
71.Адаптировано из Haas School of Business economics problem sets.
Глава 7
72.The Wall Street Joumal, November 16,1999.
73.Модель Бертрана была впервые введена Bertrand, J. "Theorie Mathematique de la Richesse Sociale", Joumal de Savants (ШЪ): 499-508.
74.Davidson, Carl and Raymond Deneckere. "Long-run Competition in Capacity, Short-run Competition in Price, and the Cournot Model", Rand Joumal of Economics 17 (1986): 404-415. Herk, Leonard F. Consumer Choice and Cournot Behavior in Capacity-constrained Duopoly Competition,* Rand Joumal of Economics 24 (1993): 399-417.
75.Kreps, David M. and Jose A. Sheinkman. "Capacity Precommitment and Bertrand Competition Yield Cournot Outcomes", Bell Joumal of Economics 14 (1983): 326-337.
76.Cournot, A. Recherches sur les Principes Mathematiques de la Theorie des Richesses (1838). Перевод на английский издан N. Bacon. New York: Macmillan, 1897.
77.The Wall Street Joumal, August 17, 1999.
78.Этот пример адаптирован из Shapiro, Carl and Hal Varian. Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1998.
79.Адаптировано из Haas School of Business economics problem sets.
Глава 8
80.См. вставку 8.5 и Fuller, John. The Gentlemen Conspirators: The Story of the Price-Fixers in the Electrical Industry. New York: Grove Press, 1962.
81.Эти виды равновесия в той форме, как они используются в олигополистической конкуренции, впервые были предложены Friedman, James. "А Noncooperative Equilibrium for Supergames", Review of Economic Studies 28 (1971): 1-12. К сожалению, лежащая в их основе идея очень стара и ее источник неизвестен. Поэтому эти основные выводы упоминаются как народные теоремы.
82.Адаптировано и цитируется из Porter, Robert Н. "А Study of Cartel Stability: The Joint Executive Committee, 1880-1886", Bell Joumal of Economics 14 (1983): 301-314.
83.Этот подпараграф следует анализу, предложенному Green, Ed and Robert Porter. "Noncooperative Collusion under Imperfect Price Information", Econometrica 52 (1984): 87-100. Эти авторы в свою очередь следуют основополагающей работе Stigler, George. «А Theory of Oligopoly,* Joumal of Political Economy 72 (1964): 44-61.
84.84. Rotemberg, Julio and Garth Saloner. "A Supergame-Theoretic Model of Price Wars during Booms", American Economic Review lb (1986): 390-407.
85.Cm. вставку 8.2 и Porter, op. cit. См. также Ellison, Glenn. "Theories of Cartel Stability and the Joint Executive Committee", Rand Joumal of Economics 25 (1994); 37-57.
86.Aviation Week and Space Technology, January 11, 1993. Для эконометрического доказательства этого утверждения см. Busse, Meghan R. "Firm Financial Conditions and Airline Price Wars", Yale School of Management, 1997.
87.Financial Times, February 1, 1995.
88.Levenstein, Margaret C. "Price Wars and the Stability of Collusion: A Study ofthe Pre-World War 1 Bromine Industry", Joumal of Industrial Economics 45 (1997): 117-137.
89.Следующий анализ частично приближается к Beraheim, В. Douglas and Michael D. Whinston. "Multimarket Contact and Collusive Behavior", Rand Joumal of Economics 21 (1990): 1-26.
90.Адаптировано из Evans, W. N. and 1. N. Kessides. "Living by the Golden Rule: Multimarket Contact in the U.S. Airline Industry", Quarterly Joumal of Economics 109 (1994): 341-366.
91.Адаптировано из Stuart, Toby. "Cat Fight in the Pet Food Industry" Harvard Business School Case No. 9-391-189.
92.Адаптировано из Porter, Michael. "General Electric vs. Westinghouse in Laige Turbine Generators", Harvard Business School Case No. 9-380-129, 1980.
93.Текст и данные адаптированы из Albaek, Svend, Peter Mollgaard, and Per B. Oveigaard. "Govemment-Assisted Oligopoly Coordination? A Concrete Case", Joumal of Industrial Economics 45 (1997): 429-443.
94.Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations, chapter X, Part 11.
95.The Wall Street Joumal Europe, June 11-12, 1999.
96.Адаптировано из Haas School of Business economics problem sets,
97.Morrison, Steven A. and Clifford Winston. "Causes and Consequences of Airline Fare Wars", Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (Microeconomics), 205-276, 1996.
98.The Wall Street Joumal Europe, August 12, 1998.
99.The Wall Street Joumal, October 11, 1999.
100.Dick, Andrew. "If Cartels Were Legal, Would Firms Fix Prices?" Antitrust Division, U.S. Department of Justice, 1997.
101.The Economist, December 5, 1998.
102.Femandez, Nerea and Pedro Mann. "Market Power and Multimarket Contact: Some Evidence from the Spanish Hotel Industry", Joumal of Industrial Economics 46 (1998): 301-315.
103.USIA •EPF513 04/03/98, написано USIA Staff Writer Bruce Odessey.
104.Cm. Schmitz, John and Stephen W. FuUer. "Effect of Contract Disclosure on Railroad Grain Rates: An Analysis of Com Belt Corridors", The Logistics and Transportation Review 31 (1995): 97-124.
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105.Более общее и строгое изложение этого вывода можно найти в Novshek, William and Hugo Sonnenshein. "Coumot and Walras Equilibrium", Joumal of Economic Theory 19 (1978): 223-266.
106.Одна из первых статей - Bain, Joe. "Relation of Profit Rate to Industry Concentration: American Manufacturing, 1936-1940", Quarterly Joumal of Economics 65 (1951): 293-324.
107.Для изучения см. Schmalensee, Richard. "Inter-lndustry Studies of Structure and Performance", in Schmalensee and Willig (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial Organization. Amsterdam: North-HoUand, 1989.
108.Demsetz, Harold. "Industry Structure, Market Rivalry, and Public Policy", Joumal of Law and Economics 16 (1973): 1-9.
109.Porter, Michael. Competitive Strategy. New York: Free Press, 1980.
110.Обзор применения упомянутой выше общей схемы и похожих на нее можно найти в Bresnahan, Timothy F. "Empirical Studies of Industries with Market Power", in Schmalensee and Willig (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial Organization. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1989.
111.Для анализа динамической модели этого типа см. Porter, Rotert Н. "А Study of Cartel Stability: The Joint Executive Committee, 1880-1886", Bell Joumal of Economics 14 (1983): 301-314.
Глава 10
112.См. Stigler, George. Theory of Price. New York: McMillan, 1987.
113.Cm. Tirole, Jean. The Theory of Industrial Organization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989, pp. 137-143.
114.Эта классификация принадлежит Pigou, А.С. The Economics of Welfare (4th ed.). London: McMillan & Co., 1932. См. также Varian, Hal. "Price Discrimination", в R. Schmalensee and R.D. Willig (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial Organization. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1989, p. 600.
115.Эта вставка основана на Verboven, Frank. "International Price Discrimination in the European Car Market", Rand Joumal of Economics П (1996): 240-268.
116.Этот термин принадлежит Shapiro, Carl and Hal Varian. Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1998.
117.Цитируется no Ekelund, R.B. "Price Discrimination and Product Differentiation in Economic Theory: An Early Analysis", Quarterly Joumal of Economics 84 (1970): 268-278.
118.Эта вставка основана на Deneckere, Raymond J. and R. Preston McAfee. "Damaged Goods", Joumal of Economics and Management Strategy 5 (1996): 149-174.
119.The New York Times, October 15, 1993.
120.The Wall Street Joumal, September 5,1985.
121.The Wall Street Joumal Europe, July 15, 1998.
122.The Wall Street Joumal Europe, July 17-18, 1998.
123.The Economist, June 13, 1998.
124.Philips, Louis. The Economics of Price Discrimination. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 23-30.
125.Graddy, Kathryn. "Testing for Imperfect Competition at the Fulton Fish Market", Rand Joumal of Economics 26 (1995): 75-92.
126.Levedahl, J.W. "Marketing, Price Discrimination, and Welfare: Comment", Southem Economic Joumal 3 (1984): 886-891.
127.Адаптировано из Haas School of Business economics problem sets.
128.Financial Times, October 28, 1999.
129.Nevo, Aviv and Catherine Wolfram. "Prices and Coupons for Breakfast Cereals", University of Califomia, Berkeley, and Harvard University, 1999.
130.The Economist, August 1,1997.
Глава 11
131.Этот параграф частично основан на Rey, Patrick and Jean Tirole. "A Primer in Vertical Foreclosure", University of Toulouse, 1997.
132.Этот параграф частично основан на Mathewson, Frank and Ralph Wmter. "An Economic Theory of Vertical Restraints", Rand Joumal of Economics 15 (1984): 27-38.
133.Этот параграф основан на Winter, Ralph A. "Vertical Control and Price versus Nonprice Competition", Quarterly Joumal of Economics 108 (1993): 61-76.
134.Shatter, Greg. "Slotting Allowances and Resale Price Maintenance: A Comparison of Facilitating Practices", Rand Joumal of Economics 22 (1991): 120-135.
135.The Wall Street Joumal, May 15, 1998.
136.Эта вставка частично основана на Comanor, William S. and Patrick Rey. "Competition Policy towards Vertical Restraints in Europe and the United States", Empirica 24 (1997): 37-52.
137.The Wall Street Joumal, December 22, 1999.
138.Адаптировано из Haas School of Business economics problem sets.
139.Cm. оценка Judge R. Posner, цитируемая no Mathewson, Frank and Ralph Winter. "The Law and Economics of Resale Price Maintenance", Review of Industrial Organization 13 (1998): 57-84.
140.The Wall Street Joumal, December 16, 1999.
141.Адаптировано из Haas School of Business economics problem sets.
Глава 12
142. Эти стилизованные данные можно найти в Ausubel, Lawrence М. "The Failure of Competition in the Credit Card Market", American Economic ev/ew 81 (1991); 50-81, где также предлагаются дополнительные объяснения.
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