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ПРАВОМОЧИЯ

Хилел Стайнер

Entitlements

Hillel Steiner

В сильной форме «правомочное требование» - это то, что одна сторона должна другой. Должна она может быть либо выполнить какое-то действие - например, удалить зуб, если речь идет о стоматологе и пациенте, либо, наоборот, воздержаться от каких-либо действий, затрагивающих субъекта правомочий, - например, не ходить на чужую территорию. Сильное правомочие предполагает наличие двух сторон, у одной из которых есть право что-либо требовать, а у другой - соответствующая обязанность это требование выполнить. Обычно лицо, имеющее право что-либо требовать, т.е. лицо, предъявляющее правомочное требование, обладает также сопутствующим правом отказаться от своего требования, т.е. освободить другую сторону от ее обязанности, или, наоборот, инициировать процедуру принуждения к выполнению этой обязанности. Другая ситуация, когда возникает сильное правомочное требование (хотя этот случай, скорее, вторичен и не все его признают), - это случай, когда такое требование возникает применительно к третьей стороне, являющейся бенефициаром отношений «права - обязанности» между двумя другими сторонами. В качестве примера можно привести бенефициара страхового полиса. Третьи стороны, как правило, не уполномочены ни отказаться от своего права, ни принудить к исполнению обязательства, поскольку они, строго говоря, не являются субъектами, перед которыми существует обязательство.

Более слабая форма правомочия относится к тем действиям субъекта, которые хотя и не защищены непосредственными обязательствами других субъектов, но, тем не менее, находят широкое косвенное подтверждение в обязанностях этих субъектов воздержаться от вмешательства. Например, никто не обязан пускать к себе посторонних позвонить по телефону, однако если человек, который хочет позвонить по телефону, является жертвой насилия, если его обокрали или офабили, то владелец телефона - так, во всяком случае, принято считать - не должен чинить такому человеку препятствий, т.е. существует некая достаточно сильная (хотя и не полная) гарантия того, что такому человеку будет разрешено позвонить. Однако подобное правомочие все-таки не дает стопроцентной гарантии, поскольку оно не защищено правом, - в частности, если по телефону уже кто-то разговаривает, оно не дает права преимущественного доступа к телефону.

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