назад Оглавление вперед


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исследователей подчеркивался вклад человеческого капитала: бьшо обнаружено, что выпуск товаров, экспортируемых из США, требует существенно более высоких затрат квалифицированного труда, чем выпуск товаров, являющихся объектами импорта; в то же время корреляция между интенсивностью использования капитала в производстве экспортных и импортируемых товаров оказывается незначительной. Данное обстоятельство указывает на необходимость реинтерпре-тации упрощенной модели Хекшера - Улина с целью рассмотрения квалифицированного и неквалифицированного труда в качестве самостоятельных факторов производства, вместо того чтобы противопоставлять физическому капиталу труд единообразного качества. Так как приобретение квалификации посредством образования является эндогенным фактором, зависящим от разности в оплате труда квалифицированных и неквалифицированных работников (которая, в свою очередь, обусловлена внешнеторговым обменом), необходимо построение модели общего экономического равновесия, одновременно рассматривающей оба указанных аспекта; попытка построения такой модели предпринята в работе Р. Финдли и Г. Кьежковски (Findlay and Kierzkowski, 1983).

Обзор большого числа других направлений развития теории Хекшера - Улина можно найти в работе Р. Джонса и П. Нири (Jones and Neary, 1984); в свою очередь, работа Дирдорфа (Deardorf, 1984) содержит всеобъемлющий обзор попыток эмпирической проверки теории сравнительных преимуществ в различных ее формулировках. Статья Этье (Ethier, 1984) представляет собой работу, очень полезную с точки зрения ознакомления с тонкостями анализа сравнительных преимуществ для случая большого числа товаров и факторов производства. Наконец, лишь недавно началось тщательное изучение важнейшей роли, которую играет в определении структуры специализации и международной торговли растущая отдача от масштабов производства, обусловливающая отклонение от ситуации совершенной конкуренции. Работа Э. Хелпмена и Н. Кругмена (Helpman and Kjug-man, 1985) во всей полноте отражает современное состояние знаний в этой сфере.

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