назад Оглавление вперед


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БЕСПЛАТНЫЙ ЗАВТРАК

Роберт Хессен

Free Lunch

Robert Hessen

Фраза «В мире не бывает бесплатных завтраков» уходит корнями в XIX столетие, когда владельцы салунов и таверн рекламировали «бесплатные» сэндвичи и закуски для привлечения клиентов в полуденные часы. Всякий, кто пытался воспользоваться приглашением, не приобретая при этом напитков, скоро убеждался, что выражение «бесплатный завтрак» не следовало понимать буквально: таких посетителей бесцеремонно вышвыривали из таверны.

Выражение «бесплатный завтрак» вошло в политическую экономию в эпоху Нового курса и без достаточных оснований приписывается различным консервативным журналистам - Х.Л. Менкену, Альберту Джею Нокку, Генри Хэзлитту, Фрэнку Чодорову и Изабель Патерсон. (Все попытки определить настоящего автора данного выражения оказались безуспешными.) Его смысл заключался в том, что государство благосостояния суть не более чем иллюзия: правительство не располагает своим собственным богатством, так что оно может только перераспределять богатство, изъятое у граждан посредством налогообложения.

В эпоху вьетнамской войны выражение «бесплатный завтрак» приобрело либертарианский оттенок. Когда сторонники всеобщей воинской повинности утверждали, что молодые люди обязаны нести воинскую службу, поскольку в отрочестве они получали бесплатное образование и субсидируемые школьные завтраки, выражение «бесплатный завтрак» стало использоваться либертарианцами в качестве идиомы, означающей, что нельзя получить что-либо, ничего не дав взамен, что рано или поздно людям придется расплачиваться по счетам за все блага и «бесплатные услуги», которые они получают от правительства.

Выражение «бесплатный завтрак» бьшо бы предано забвению, если бы его жизнеспособность не бьша подтверждена решающим тестом на рынке идей. В начале 1970-х годов каждая политическая или философская идея должна бьша иметь такую формулировку, чтобы ее можно бьшо поместить на майках или самоклеящихся плакатах, прикрепляемых к автомобильным бамперам. Новая версия выражения - TANSTAAFL (there aint no such thing as a free lunch) - была популяризована в научно-фантастическом бестселлере Роберта Хайнлайна «ТЬе Moon is а Harsh Mistress», а также в пользовавшихся большим успехом у читателей колонках Милтона Фридмена в журнале «Newsweek».

[Старт] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] [90] [91] [92] [93] [94] [95] [96] [97] [98] [99] [100] [101] [102] [103] [104] [105] [106] [107] [108] [109] [110] [111] [112] [113] [114] [115] [116] [117] [118] [119] [120] [121] [ 122 ] [123] [124] [125] [126] [127] [128] [129] [130] [131] [132] [133] [134] [135] [136] [137] [138] [139] [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] [145] [146] [147] [148] [149] [150] [151] [152] [153] [154] [155] [156] [157] [158] [159] [160] [161] [162] [163] [164] [165] [166] [167] [168] [169] [170] [171] [172] [173] [174] [175] [176] [177] [178] [179] [180] [181] [182] [183] [184] [185] [186] [187] [188] [189] [190] [191] [192] [193] [194] [195] [196] [197] [198] [199] [200] [201] [202] [203] [204] [205] [206] [207] [208] [209] [210] [211] [212] [213] [214] [215] [216] [217] [218] [219] [220] [221] [222] [223] [224] [225] [226] [227] [228] [229] [230] [231] [232] [233] [234] [235] [236] [237] [238] [239] [240] [241] [242] [243] [244] [245] [246] [247] [248] [249] [250] [251] [252] [253] [254] [255] [256] [257] [258] [259] [260] [261] [262] [263] [264] [265] [266] [267] [268] [269] [270] [271] [272] [273] [274] [275] [276] [277] [278] [279] [280] [281] [282] [283] [284] [285] [286] [287] [288] [289] [290] [291] [292] [293] [294] [295] [296] [297] [298] [299] [300] [301] [302] [303] [304] [305] [306] [307] [308] [309] [310] [311] [312] [313]